2019-2020 Undergraduate Catalog 
    
    May 04, 2024  
2019-2020 Undergraduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


 

Physical Education

  
  • PHED 117 - Weight Training I


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 118 - Rape Aggression Defense


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 120 - Theories of Athletic Training


    CR: 3
    This course is an introductory exploration in the field of athletic training. It will explore the evolution of athletic training as a defined discipline in the medical world, including discussions on the relationship of athletic training to other healthcare professions. This course will also include basic skills involved with the recognition, evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation programs for common athletic injuries.
  
  • PHED 124 - Introduction to Cross Country Running


    CR: .5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 125 - Hiking in the Blue Ridge


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 126 - Introduction to Caving


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 127 - Spinning


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 128 - Personal Fitness


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 129 - Hiking the SBC Trails


    CR: 1
    This course provides an introduction to the Sweet Briar trail system through weekly hikes with the goal of familiarizing students with the campus landscape. Basic principles of outdoor safety and trail etiquette and maintenance are discussed. IV.3
  
  • PHED 132 - Softball Skills


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 133 - Introduction to Racquet Sports


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 135 - Beginning Badminton


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 137 - Recreational Activities for Fitness


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 138 - Fencing


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 139 - Golf Skills


    CR: .5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 140 - Wellness through Movement


    CR: .5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 141 - Field Hockey Skills


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 142 - Lacrosse Skills


    CR: 1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 143 - Flag Football


    CR: .5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 146 - Beginning Tennis


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 150 - Soccer Skills


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 152 - Wing Chun (Martial Arts)


    CR: 1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 155 - Ballroom and Swing Dancing


    CR: 1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 161 - Special Study


    CR: 0.5-3
    Prerequisite: Satisfactory completion of one course in the department in the activity desired. A student may propose a project for a term, to be supervised by a member of the department with the approval of the chair. Usually, the student does not repeat a special study within the same activity.
  
  • PHED 163 - Nutritional Challenges of the 21st Century


    CR: 3
    We will examine different views on “healthy eating,” explore the relationship between diet and chronic disease, and discuss educational, biological, psychological, economic, and socio-cultural obstacles we face in attempting to meet our nutritional needs. Students will discuss and critique various theories on nutrition and research and make oral presentations on related topics. They will outline strategies for overcoming our nutritional challenges based on the information presented. III.O
  
  • PHED 164 - Holistic Nutrition and Exercise


    CR: 1
    Students will learn principles of nutrition and exercise and examine their impact on individual wellness. They will implement a plan for improving their status in both areas. They will be introduced in class to a variety of exercise options using indoor and outdoor facilities on campus. They will participate in and keep a journal on exercise activities outside of class that will total at least 14 hours by the end of the semester. IV.3
  
  • PHED 179 - Introduction to Women’s Sport and Culture


    CR: 3
    We will examine factors that shaped women’s intercollegiate, Olympic and professional sport in the twentieth century, including historical background, socio-political influences, media coverage, and medical implications of competition. Title IX and the effects of equity action on women in sport will be studied as well, and each student will analyze the impact of the legislation on her own sporting experience. III.O, V.5
  
  • PHED 217 - Weight Training II


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 220 - Advanced Personal Fitness


    CR: 1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 221 - Advanced Personal Fitness Theory


    CR: 0.5
    Prerequisite: PHED 128 . Co-requisite: PHED 220 . This course is designed for students interested in understanding, designing, and participating in training programs to achieve higher levels of human performance through fitness and conditioning. Among topics to be covered are: goal setting and program design; methods of strength training; anatomy, flexibility, and injury prevention; nutrition and the female athlete triad; aerobic and anaerobic energy systems; and sport specific training.
  
  • PHED 225 - Sports Performance Training


    CR: 1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 252 - Advanced Wing Chun


    CR: 1
    Prerequistie: PHED 152. IV.3
  
  • PHED 300 - Swimming Conditioning


    CR: .5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 338 - Club Fencing


    CR: 0.5
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 346 - Intermediate Tennis


    CR: 1
    Prerequisite: PHED 146 . IV.3
  
  • PHED 361 - Special Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: 100-level PHED course and permission of the instructor. The study of an intermediate level topic by an individual student or by a small group of students under the immediate supervision of a faculty member.
  
  • PHED 377 - Internship


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: Three credits in PHED and permission of the instructor and program chair. This course is graded P/CR/NC only.
  
  • PHED 401 - Varsity Swimming Team


    CR: 0-1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 407 - Varsity Cross Country Team


    CR: 0-1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 412 - Varsity Golf Team


    CR: 0-1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 441 - Varsity Hockey Team


    CR: 0-1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 442 - Varsity Lacrosse Team


    CR: 0-1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 446 - Varsity Tennis Team


    CR: 0-1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 450 - Varsity Soccer Team


    CR: 0-1
    IV.3
  
  • PHED 461 - Independent Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: One 100-level PHED course, one 200-level PHED course, and permission of the instructor. Pursuit of an upper-level research project determined in advance by the student in consultation with a faculty member who will act as the sponsor.

Physics

  
  • PHYS 113 - Astronomy for the Liberal Arts


    CR: 3
    An introduction to the study of the universe, including basic elements of astronomy and topics of current interest; the solar system, search for extraterrestrial life, black holes, and cosmology. Three hours lecture and some evening observation sessions. III.Q, V.8a
  
  • PHYS 171 - General Physics I


    CR: 4
    Prerequisite: MATH 123  or MATH 124 . A calculus-based study of kinematics, Newton’s Laws, rotational motion, gravitation, and the conservation laws of classical mechanics. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory. III.Q, V.8ab
  
  • PHYS 172 - General Physics II


    CR: 4
    Prerequisites: MATH 124  and PHYS 171 . A calculus-based study of electricity, magnetism, circuits, electromagnetic waves, and Maxwell’s Equation. Three hours lecture and one three-hour laboratory. III.Q, V.8a
  
  • PHYS 202 - Twentieth-Century Physics


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PHYS 240 . Prerequisite or corequisite: MATH 328 . An introduction to the special theory of relativity and quantum phenomena. Topics include the Bohr atom, the wave function, electron spin, Pauli Principle, quantum statistics, and atomic structure. Four hours lecture.
  
  • PHYS 210 - Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PHYS 172 . Co-requisite: MATH 223 . An introduction to topics in planetary physics; stellar, galactic, and extragalactic astronomy and astrophysics; and cosmology. Offered alternate years.
  
  • PHYS 221 - Electrical Circuits


    CR: 4
    Prerequisite: PHYS 172 . This course introduces the fundamental principles and the mathematical techniques used to analyze and model analog and digital circuits including energy storage elements. Course topics include resistive circuits, alternating current circuits, transient analysis, operational amplifier circuits, transistors, diodes, digital systems, and instrumentation. Three hours of lecture and one three-hour laboratory. Same as ENGR 221.
  
  • PHYS 233 - Intermediate Physics Laboratory


    CR: 1
    Prerequisite: PHYS 172 . Selected experiments in classical physics and electrical circuits. Analysis and treatment of uncertainty and error. One three-hour laboratory. III.Q, V.8b
  
  • PHYS 240 - Optics


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PHYS 172 . This course will focus on topics of physical optics with some review of geometrical optics. Topics covered will include optical instrumentation, interference of light, optical interferometry, diffraction, fiber optics, lasers, and nonlinear optics. Offered alternate years.
  
  • PHYS 258 - Intermediate Physics Seminar


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PHYS 172 . Prerequisite or co-requisite: MATH 223 . This course focuses on topics in classical physics at the intermediate level with an emphasis on developing students’ problem-solving skills. Students will work individually and collaboratively on problems and present solutions that are critiqued in class. Topics include mechanics, electromagnetism, waves, optics, and thermodynamics.
  
  • PHYS 261 - Directed Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: One PHYS course and permission of the instructor. The study of introductory level material by an individual student or by a small group of students under the immediate supervision of a faculty member.
  
  • PHYS 301 - Classical Mechanics


    CR: 3
    Prerequisites: PHYS 172  and MATH 328 . Classical mechanics, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions. Central force problems. Offered alternate years.
  
  • PHYS 337 - Special Topics


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. The study of an advanced topic not normally covered in other physics courses.
  
  • PHYS 351 - Research in Physics


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Students engage in ongoing faculty research in, for example, radio astronomy, laser physics, or materials science. Credit may be given for off-campus research projects.
  
  • PHYS 361 - Special Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: 100-level PHYS course and permission of the instructor. The study of an intermediate level topic by an individual student or by a small group of students under the immediate supervision of a faculty member.
  
  • PHYS 377 - Internship


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: Three credits in PHYS and permission of the instructor and program chair. This course is graded P/CR/NC only.
  
  • PHYS 461 - Independent Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: One 100-level PHYS course, one 200-level PHYS course, and permission of the instructor. Pursuit of an upper-level research project determined in advance by the student in consultation with a faculty member who will act as the sponsor.

Political Science

  
  • POLS 105 - Globalized Pop Culture


    CR: 3
    This course explores the spread of globalized pop culture and addresses important questions the phenomenon raises. The popularity of Bollywood films and K-pop music point to cultural, economic, and political changes as new media, global marketing, and human migration make borders increasingly meaningless. Topics will include globalization, changes in the significance of cultural boundaries, and governments’ efforts to export their pop culture as a source of “soft power.” V.4, V.5
  
  • POLS 112 - Political Geography


    CR: 3
    This course surveys the relationship between geography and politics as well as the impact of geography on social, cultural, and economic realities around the globe. After exploring the major theories and core concepts of political geography, the geopolitics of the major regions of the world will be examined with the goal of promoting a more nuanced understanding of each region. V.7
  
  • POLS 142 - Modern Europe


    CR: 3
    This course surveys the major themes of European history from Napoleon to the present. Topics to be covered include nationalism, imperialism (and later decolonization), the rise of ideologies, and major conflicts. The course concludes by examining the emergence of the European Union. Though it is largely a study of political events, notable economic, intellectual, and artistic trends will be discussed as well. V.1, V.7
  
  • POLS 159 - Introduction to American Government


    CR: 3
    Introduces the study of American government and politics using political science methods. Includes examination of political analysis models, authority systems, American political culture, U.S. constitutional origins, federalism, political parties, and elections. Also studies the influence of media and public opinion, while focusing on the president, Congress, and judiciary. Explores how courts interpret civil rights and liberties. V.7
  
  • POLS 209 - Global Politics


    CR: 3
    This course will introduce students to the actors and major concepts of world politics. This includes learning about nation-states, power politics, the global economy, international institutions, and human rights. Students will also consider contemporary global issues like war, terrorism, human migratin, world poverty, and the environment. V.7
  
  • POLS 214 - Modern Middle East


    CR: 3
    This course surveys the forces shaping the modern Middle East following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. These include religious and cultural differences as well as geographic realities. The course will also explore the continued relevance of Ottoman rule and European colonialism for understanding current events in the region. V.4, V.5
  
  • POLS 232 - Women, Law, and Politics


    CR: 3
    This course explores how American women have participated in the legal and political systems to influence public policy related to education, health care, reproductive rights, employment, economic equity, and families. The course emphasizes case studies of gender law and women in public office. Offered alternate years. V.7
  
  • POLS 235 - Business, Government, and the Economy


    CR: 3
    Utilizing the business school “case method” approach, this course examines the interrelationships between business, government, and the economy through the medium of public policy. It will focus on financial markets, particularly governmental responses to bubbles, panics, and crashes, and the political dimensions of the evolution of money and banking in America. Offered alternate years. V.7
  
  • POLS 242 - Introduction to Comparative Politics


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: Sophomore standing. A study of major Western and non-Western political systems. Political institutions, processes, and actors in each system are examined in depth. Attention will also be paid to the role of race, religion, and other social forces in shaping politics in each system. Student will undertake small group projects focused on country case studies of their choice. Not open to students who have earned credit for GOVT 122. V.4
  
  • POLS 261 - Directed Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: One POLS course and permission of the instructor. The study of introductory level material by an individual student or by a small group of students under the immediate supervision of a faculty member.
  
  • POLS 316 - U.S. Civil Rights and Liberties


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: POLS 159 . This course examines the development of constitutional law in the U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Bill of Rights, including religion, speech, and criminal justice. It studies the constitutional basis of equality in the Fourteenth Amendment and how the justices have applied it to race and gender. The class uses historical and contemporary legal cases and analyzes the Court’s expansion/contraction of civil rights and liberties. Offered alternate years. V.7
  
  • POLS 322 - American Foreign Policy: History and Process


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: POLS 209 . A study of the formulation, conduct, and content of contemporary United States foreign policy. V.7
  
  • POLS 324 - The American President and Congress


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: POLS 159 . This course explores the powers allocated to the executive and legistative branches of the United States government under the Constitution and how the relationship between the two has evolved from the late eighteenth century to the present day. Not open to students who have earned credit for GOVT 303 or GOVT 304. V.7
  
  • POLS 329 - Topics in Political Science


    CR: 3
    Topics will vary by semester. The course may be repeated for credit when the course content changes. This course cannot be taken on a P/CR/NC grading option. V.7
  
  • POLS 332 - Terrorism and Insurgency


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: POLS 209 . This course explores the causes of terrorism and insurgency. Conceptual and historical examinations of the subject will be followed by a consideration of the various sources of terrorism and insurgency including the psychological, social, religious, organizational, and strategic influences that generate transnational political violence. Students will examine contending arguments pertaining to effective counterterrorism and counterinsurgency policies. Offered alternate years. This course cannot be taken on a P/CR/NC grading option. V.7
  
  • POLS 356 - American Political Thought: Puritans to the Present


    CR: 3
    Prerequisites: POLS 159  and junior or senior standing. This course examines the ideas that have influenced American politics, history, and culture. Beginning with the colonial period and ending with the late twentieth century, students will investigate the key thinkers responsible for shaping the meaning of equality, freedom, democracy, rights, individualism, and capitalism. The objective is to understand how these ideas arose in American politics and culture, how they have affected American history, and how they continue to shape our politics and society today. V.1, V.7
  
  • POLS 361 - Special Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: 100-level POLS course and permission of the instructor. The study of an intermediate level topic by an individual student or by a small group of students under the immediate supervision of a faculty member.
  
  • POLS 363F - France and Europe from 1945 to Today


    CR: 3
    Prerequisites: One French course above FREN 202, junior standing, and approval of the Resident Director.  

    In this course we will study French political life from the post-war period (political regimes, different governments, policies and reforms), while placing it in an international and European context. We will particularly stress the European-oreinted policies of France, its motivation in building the European community and why and in what way France constitutes, from time to time, a hindrance to the construction of the EU from the 1950s up to the failure of the referendum on Europe in May, 2005. Course offered in Paris in Junior Year in Paris program

  
  • POLS 364F - The European Union


    CR: 3
    Prerequisites: One French course above FREN 202, junior standing, and approval of the Resident Director. The goal of this course is to better understand this “unidentified political object” (Jacques Delors) that is the European Union, We will study the following points: 1) the different stages of the construction of the organization from the CECA (European Coal and Steel Community), to the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), from the six-nation to the fifteen-nation Europe; 2) the description of the EU institutions and their functions; 3) law in the EU and the principles behind it; 4) the major common policies in the EEC and in the EU: agriculture, economic, foreign, and those regarding intra-European travel; 5) the major issues: the problems of foreign policy and shared security, institutional reforms, budget, etc. Course offered in Paris in the Junior Year in France program.
  
  • POLS 365F - France and the U.S. in the 20th Century


    CR: 3
    Prerequisites: One French course above FREN 202, junior standing, and approval of the Resident Director. Even while these two countries should naturally be close allies, notably due to French aid during the American Revolution, their relations have often been stormy: differences of opinion about Germany during the inter-war period, American isolationism, the pro-Vichy policies of Roosevelt, recurrent anti-Americanism from the 1930s to today, French independence during the cold war, opposition to the war in Iraq, etc. However, beyond these tensions, there is a French fascination with America and an interest among American intellectuals and artists for France. We will study these elements primarily in chronological order, but at times from a transversal perspective, especially with respect to the connections between the two societies. Course offered in Paris in the Junior Year in France program.
  
  • POLS 366F - International Systems


    CR: 3
    Prerequisites: One French course above FREN 202, junior standing, and approval of the Resident Director.  

    The goal of this course is to describe and analyze the different international systems that have succeeded one another in the course of the 20th century (the Order of Versailles, the UN, the cold war, the current state of international disorder, etc.). We will focus praticularly on how the world powers have tried to organize international relations by putting in place rules targeting the creation of an inter-state order and also on the analysis of the limits of these succeeding orders, stressing the disruptive elements of the system (states undermining an international order which is unfavorable to them: Germany from 1919-1939, decolonialization, terrorism, etc). Course offered in Paris in the Junior Year in France program.

  
  • POLS 368 - Genocide and the Holocaust


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: POLS 142  or POLS 209 .

      This course explores the topic of genocide before focusing on the specific case of the Holocaust. After surveying cultural, psychological, and political-legal approaches to the study of genocide, past and contemporary cases of genocide will be discussed. Fully one-third to one-half of the course will be devoted to studying the Holocaust. V.1, V.7

  
  • POLS 373 - International Conflict


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: POLS 209 . This course examines the forces that promote conflict and cooperation within the international system. Is a propensity for war an innate characteristic of humans or is it a reflection of failed political institutions? Students will investigate the ways in which warfare has changed across history as well as the form it is likely to take in the future. V.7
  
  • POLS 377 - Internship


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: Three credits in POLS and permission of the instructor and program chair. This course is graded P/CR/NC only.
  
  • POLS 452 - Senior Seminar in Political Science


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: Open to POLS majors with senior standing. This is the senior capstone course in the political science major. Subjects and projects are determined by the interests and needs of the members of the group. Opportunity is given for independent work. III.O, III.W, V.7
  
  • POLS 461 - Independent Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: One 100-level POLS course, one 200-level POLS course, and permission of the instructor. Pursuit of an upper-level research project determined in advance by the student in consultation with a faculty member who will act as the sponsor.

Psychology

  
  • PSYC 101 - Introductory Psychology


    CR: 3
    An introduction to the principles and methods of psychology. This course provides a general background and is a prerequisite to all other psychology courses. V.8a
  
  • PSYC 201 - Developmental Psychology I: Infancy to Adolescence


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PSYC 101 . This course explores psychological development from the prenatal period through adolescence. Major theoretical perspectives on the nature of developmental change are considered with a focus on empirical research and application of each perspective. Topics include physical, cognitive/intellectual, emotional, language, and social development.
  
  • PSYC 214 - Sports Psychology


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PSYC 101. A comprehensive exploration of sports psychology, taking a different perspective in each of the 3 weeks of the course: first, use of psychology as a lens for thinking about sports in society; second, a wide-ranging consideration of psychological factors that impact sporting performance, touching physiological, social, developmental, cognitive, and clinical psychology; and last, a deep-dive examination of sporting identity. The course will explicitly incorporate on-campus athletic/riding competitions falling during the term as a “lab” for generating and testing relevant ideas. Offered alternate years.
  
  • PSYC 219 - Statistics for Behavioral Sciences


    CR: 4
    Prerequisite: PSYC 101 . An introduction to those descriptive and inferential statistics most often used in psychological research. Topics include probability, standard normal distribution, measures of central tendency and variability, sampling, correlation, and both parametric and non-parametric tests of significance. This course includes a weekly three-hour laboratory session. III.Q
  
  • PSYC 222 - Social Psychology


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PSYC 101 . A study of the individual in a social context. Topics will include conformity, persuasion, altruism, prejudice, and social cognition.
  
  • PSYC 238 - Evolutionary Psychology


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PSYC 101 . Principles from evolutionary biology are applied to the study of human behavior and the structure of the human mind. The survival, social, and reproductive challenges our ancestors faced are reviewed, as are the psychological adaptations that evolved as a consequence. Topics include sex differences in mating strategies, parenting and kinship, and the adaptive value and/or consequences of selfishness and altruism. Offered alternate years.
  
  • PSYC 251 - Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PSYC 101 . A study of the physiological mechanisms underlying behavior including neural and chemical substrates of behavior and the organization of the nervous system.
  
  • PSYC 257 - Special Topics in Psychology


    CR: 3
    Current issues in experimental and applied psychology. Emphasis is placed on reading an evaluation of psychological research. Topics will vary each semester. This course may be repeated once for credit toward the major.
  
  • PSYC 261 - Directed Study


    CR: 1-3
    Prerequisites: One PSYC course and permission of the instructor. The study of introductory level material by an individual student or by a small group of students under the immediate supervision of a faculty member.
  
  • PSYC 271 - Forensic Psychology


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: PSYC 101 . This course will examine the intersection of psychology and law including the moral and ethical dilemmas faced by mental health professionals working in the legal system. Topics will include eyewitness testimony, the evaluation of criminal suspects, jury selection/nullification strategies, and the role that psychological evaluations plays in the criminal and family courtroom. Offered alternate years. Not open to students who already have credit for this course taken as PSYC 341 or PSYC 345.
  
  • PSYC 278 - Gender and Sexuality


    CR: 3
    Prerequisite: GNDR 103  or PSYC 101 . This course is a survey of the major theories and empirical findings in psychological research on gender and sexuality. Topics will include: definitional and methodological issues in the study of gender and sexuality; explanations for observed group differences (e.g., gender differences); how relevant stereotypes arise and are maintained or challenged; the biological and social bases of gender and sexual identities; and close studies of such topics as body image, gendered forms of violence, eating, and exercise. Not open to students who have earned credit for this course taken as PSYC 257 (Special Topics). May be counted toward the minor in gender studies.
  
  • PSYC 302 - Developmental Psychology II: Adolescence and Adulthood


    CR: 3
    Prerequisites: PSYC 101  and a 200-level PSYC course. Survey of contemporary theories and research in the psychology of adolescence, adulthood, and aging. Topics will include physical, social, and personality development as well as concepts of identity formation, deviant behavior, and the adjustments to major life transitions and changing social roles. III.O, V.5
  
  • PSYC 309 - Counseling Skills


    CR: 3
    Prerequisites: One PSYC course at the 200-level, junior standing, and permission of the instructor. Survey of clinical/counseling psychology as a science and profession. Current psychological treatment approaches, assessment techniques, research strategies, and their empirical/theoretical foundations. Additionally, the counselors’ role and responsibility with regard to emergency, crisis, and trauma-causing events is examined, as are the ethical responsibilities in these situations.
 

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